In the last couple years I’ve spilled a lot of ink arguing against holism or the thesis that everything is related to everything else. This is not because I believe that relations are unimportant– indeed, the only thing that really interests me are relations –but rather because I think this position says too much. From a holistic perspective, for example, I’m unable to make sense of ecology. While many ecotheorists defend holistic ontologies, the actual practices of ecologists and environmental scientists reveals something different. In their practices, they show supreme attentiveness to the fragility of relations, and focus on what happens when elements are subtracted from ecological networks (e.g., the extinction of a species) or added to a network (e.g., increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere). This wouldn’t be possible unless entities possessed some minimal autonomy from their relations. So while I can agree with the holist when they argue that it is important to attend to interactions and interdependencies between entities, I don’t think holism can be coherently sustained as an ontological position. We can call this the “argument from ecology”.
A second argument could be called the “argument from politics”. Here the argument is similar, perhaps identical; which shouldn’t come as a surprise as societies are ecologies. Here the argument runs that if social and political change is to be possible, then holism cannot be true. If everything were related to everything else in holistic wholes, then social and political changes wouldn’t be possible because individual entities– whether they be classes, identity groups, or whatever –would be overmined (Harman’s nice term) insofar as they would have no being beyond their status as elements within a whole. Insofar as they would have no being beyond their status as elements in a whole, there would be no way of departing from existing social regimes so as to form new sets of social relations. Put differently, there would be possibility of emancipation, as the concept of emancipation is only possible where there is something to be emancipated and where there is something from which that thing can be emancipated. This is only possible where relations are separable and don’t constitute the essence of a being. Social changes are only possible where elements constitutive of a whole– if wholes even exist –are irreducible to those wholes.
read on!
As an aside, it’s worth noting that this is no different than what Badiou says in his set theoretical ontology. When Badiou defends the axiom of extension, he is defending the thesis that sets are identical to their members. Given a set {a,b,c}, this set is identical to a set {c,a,b} because both sets contain exactly the same members. This is equivalent to saying that it is the elements that determine the being of the set, not the relations between those elements (a point that more dialectically– relationally –inclined Marxists should pause and think about before enlisting Badiou in support of their positions). What Badiou is, in effect, saying is that there is no natural or intrinsic ordering of social relations. There is no great chain of being (right) that orders how people ought to be related, nor ought marriage “naturally” be “between a man and a woman”, nor ought whites hold dominion over slaves because people of other races are allegedly “like children” needing a “father” to look after them, nor do people necessarily need kings, parties, or authorities to look over them.
Rather, Badiou argues that societies are just sets that take on a variety of configurations and where, above all, relations among elements or members can be changed. There’s a reason that Badiou calls his politics a politics of subtraction, an operation that wouldn’t be possible were relations intrinsic and holistic. In making this claim, I take it that Badiou is just presenting a formal articulation of every genuinely revolutionary political orientation against every reactionary, holistic politics (Edmund Burke and his heirs): relations are extrinsic, external, and separable, such that there is no natural or divine order to the form social relations ought to take. Social relations can be transformed and reconfigured precisely because the being of beings is not identical to “being-related”. Things relate, sure, but their being is not exhausted– nor is it reducible to –by these relations. Harman nicely makes these points about Edmund Burke in a number of places. People seem to confuse the thesis that things often exist in assemblages or networks of relations and it is important to recognize this, with the thesis that therefore the being of things is their relations to other things. Given that social and political change has, in fact, taken place throughout history, we can conclude that ontological holism is mistaken.
A third argument occurred to me as I was composing my talk for the Networked Humanities conference at University of Kentucky. We can call this the “argument from entropy”. Before proceeding, it’s important to note that entropy has two different (though related) significations depending on whether we’re talking about thermodynamics in physics or information theory. Generally people are only familiar with the first of these significations. In thermodynamics, entropy signifies the tendency of closed systems to lose energy available for work over time. In carrying out operations, some energy is always dissipated into the environment or lost, such that it is no longer available for work in the sense that physics uses the term.
As an aside, I find it amazing that concepts of work and energy are almost entirely absent in the humanities (and generally in the social sciences as well). It’s as if we believed that being is composed solely of the discursive and things, and are then left– when raising social and political questions –left to ask whether it is the discursive that holds social relations together or things. We forget that holding anything together requires work. When I propose the concept of “thermopolitics” (I don’t know whether anyone else has used this term), I’m suggesting that we need to attend to work and energy as additional mechanisms of power that lead people to tolerate oppressive assemblages (Reich’s, Deleuze & Guattari’s question). It’s not simply because people are duped or stupid that they tolerate oppressive assemblages that act against their own interests, but also because they are depedent on certain assemblages for the calories they need to sustain their bodies, as well as the fuels they need to maintain their homes, transportation, and so on. A similar point can be made about time. When I propose the term “chronopolitics” (and again, I’m not familiar with how others use the term), I’m referring to the manner in which the sheer structuration of time for people, groups, and institutions can become so overwhelming that they’re left with no additional time to try and change their circumstances. Chronopolitics would be the analysis of technologies of time as mechanisms of power that 1) exhaust people physically and mentally, and 2) so fill the day that other forms of engagement are foreclosed.
Anyway, back to entropy. In information theory, “entropy” refers to a measure of probability with respect to information. A high entropy system is a system in which there is an equal probability that any element will be related to any other element. In other words, in a high entropy system it’s impossible to make inferences from one element to other elements because there’s an equal likelihood that any of the other elements will be related to this element. By contrast, a low entropy system is a system in which it is possible to make inferences from a given element to another element. A system in which only one relation to another element is possible would be a system with 0 or nil entropy.
In this framework, it’s possible to see why I make the claim that questions of interpretation and social and political thought are questions of entropy. When we talk about texts that can be interpreted– and here I’m not talking about meaning –and when we talk about social orders, we’re talking about low entropy systems. In the case of interpretation, for example, we’re saying that given this element, we can infer a relation to this other element. This is above all the case with the hermeneutics of suspicion or “depth readings” in the Freudian and Nietzschean tradition, as well as in ideology critique. In these contexts we’re saying that there’s an improbable relations between two elements that repeats in a variety of different actions, thoughts, or social domains. In saying this, we’re saying that there’s an order here (order is always more improbable than disorder). It is this improbability that supports the veracity of the depth interpretation. Likewise, when we say that there’s a social order, we’re saying that given a particular element in a social system– say a person of a particular race –we can confidently infer their relation to other things: their economic status, range of possible occupations, and so on. We’re rejecting the claim that the person’s relations are stochastic or highly entropic.
This allows us to give a precise definition of power: power is the mechanisms by which a society reduces entropy. Order never comes for free, but always requires operations, energy, and work precisely because it’s more probable for anything to be related to anything else, than for anything to maintain improbable and selective relations to a delimited range of elements in the order of being. “Onto-cartography” would be the investigation of the mechanisms by which improbable orders are maintained; and would therefore include investigations of discursive mechanisms (not surprisingly, the favorite of the humanities), chronopolotical mechanisms, geographical mechanisms (geopolitics), and thermopolitical mechanisms. Whenever encountering an order in the social and political world we should be surprised and ask ourselves how it maintains itself. In understanding how it maintains itself, we can begin to devise strategies undermine it where those negentropic mechanisms are oppressive.
All of this aside, we now see a third argument against holism. A world in which everything is related to everything else is identical to the definition of a highly entropic system. It is a world where no inferences can be made to other elements precisely because there’s an equal probability of anything being related to anything else. Such a world would be a world of Brownian motion, where there was no language, mathematics, ecologies, or social orders, precisely because all of these orders are orders in which relations between elements are selective or improbable. As Deleuze said of Hegel’s categories, the world proposed by holists is a world that is too baggy, too ill fitted, to get at the real of the world that we, in fact, encounter.
February 18, 2013 at 12:56 pm
I have one question of clarification. When you write that, “A system in which only one relation to another element is possible would be a system with 0 or nil entropy” do you mean only one kind of relation? I got a little confused here between the argument from probabilities and the use of possibility.
Since the remainder of the post works within that framework I thought I might check to ensure I’m understanding your argument.
Thanks, Jeremy
February 19, 2013 at 2:51 am
Reblogged this on The (Dis)Loyal Opposition to Modernity: and commented:
An interesting post on the limits of holism in ontology and information theory…
February 19, 2013 at 3:12 am
It seems to me that every argument that you made to discredit a holistic ontology actually increases the probability of such an idea to be valid. For example, you say that the “the argument from ecology” does not fit because an entity must posses minimal autonomy, for something to affect the whole system say CO2 emissions-> climate change. These are just parts (albeit autonomous) of the whole. Secondly, when you make the argument from politics, it is really the same (as you stated) as the previous. A whole can only be changed by it’s autonomous parts, sure, but it is still whole none the less…The parts are only parts of a whole, furthermore this argument seems to disregard time as an object. It time was not a factor it would make sense but due to the fact of constant change through time it is inevitable that the WHOLE and whole systems will appear to be (and actually be) in constant flux, the matter is present in different states.
Thirdly, the all is one argument does not hold up because it is simply not how holism should be understood. a+b+c is not the same as b+c+a if the groups are contingent on functions that may happen in the course of time. Thus, it does not mean that because all is everything now, when I take something away it will be less than everything. For example, when I burn my shoes the autonomous parts just change chemistry and form, that does not take them away from the whole. Sure the whole is no more world with those shoes but it is still whole world.
whole=shoes+matches+oxygen but given time whole = ash but the ash is the remains of shoes+matches+oxygen and is not the same. Therefore a+b+c does not equal a+b+c in time. I think that time is not factored into your arguments against holism here.
The same for the entropy argument, if things were not related there would be no things to relate to one another, said things would not be mention-able, in regards to one another. I guess I do not understand how without the separations being made to discredit the idea of holism it would be possible, I guess, what I am saying is if you can break it into parts that is just more fodder for the whole it to be a valid it.
Am I just totally misunderstanding the concept of holism here? The more I think about the arguments against such an idea the more it illlustrates to me that the whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts but the parts are none the less part of the whole. There could be no parts without the whole and there could be no whole without the parts being in a constant state of flux.
February 19, 2013 at 3:13 am
I got tired of thinking and did not feel like following up on the rest of the arguments…
February 19, 2013 at 3:55 am
Kyle,
It’s okay, I got tired of reading. What you suggest is exactly what holism rejects; hence why it’s mistaken. If you grant autonomy to the parts then you’re not a holist. Like me, you can recognize that relations are important, while also recognizing that parts can’t be reduced to their status as elements in a whole.
February 19, 2013 at 8:59 am
Great piece. I’d never heard of information entropy before, but makes sense.
February 20, 2013 at 4:09 am
Levi,
Interesting as always. Is there any reason why shifting intensities between relations wouldn’t work as a support for holism against your arguments? I’m thinking of a system like the classical view of gravity: everything exerts a force on everything else, just more or less strongly based on distance, and this leads to different situations as distance and/or mass changes.
Or by holism do you mean top-down, hierarchical approaches only, not relational?
February 20, 2013 at 12:56 pm
Mike,
One of the interesting consequences of Einstein’s relativity is that gravity proliferates throughout the universe no faster than the speed of light. If a demon were to utterly eras the sun, we wouldn’t observe any of the gravitational effects for eight minutes. As a consequence, gravity coincides with what I’m claiming here.
February 21, 2013 at 3:15 am
I very much agree with you on the insufficiency of holism. Holism disallows action and contingency and presents a fatalist world, and one not dissimilar, I think, from Kropotkin’s as presented by Malatesta (http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/malatesta/ForgottenPrinciples.html#ricordi). In a sense, holism gives us the moment where absolute structure and absolute structurelessness dissolve into each other.
The only way I can get holism to work in my mind is making it akin to Deleuze’s virtual, from which relations sever or collapse in the process of becoming actual. To treat holism as a material real misses the mark. Outside of the religious, deep ecology use of the term, I feel like it arises when something happens far outside of predictions or anticipations. Rather than saying that our models are (necessarily) insufficient, we declare, a world which necessarily transcends all models.
However, I’m not sure that defining power as the mechanism through which society (or whatever system) reduces entropy is quite on, or else we need to better clarify where we draw the lines of inclusion and exclusion for that system. Structuring, as I think it in an energetic/entropic perspective, comes about not from the reduction of entropy but from its acceleration and displacement as so-called waste, byproduct, or externality. This perhaps affects a local reduction of entropy (although I’m skeptical), but a general increase. The ecosystem is structured by the diffusion of solar energy, in the process of which some is captured, aggregated, and transformed. The capitalist world of asserted hyper-efficiency occurs through the production of disorder outside its realm of care – the entropy of poverty, neglect, prisons, pollution, repetitive strain injury, and so on.
From a system energetic point of view, I tend to think of power as the actualization of energetic potentials/differences, like how the potential of falling water is actualized in the watermill (in a sited power framework) or the potential of a group of individuals actualizes in the mob (in a distributed power framework).
BTW, have you looked into questions around exergy or emergy? I find them as ripe concepts for these conversations. Also Bob Ulanowicz has been doing ecological theory through the lens of information theory for a long while. If you don’t know his work on ascendency you might be interested.
Cheers!
March 28, 2013 at 10:44 am
The sensationing of other-beings otherwise than the human-beings is a being-sensation independent of the sensationing-senses of the human-being whom-assume that other-beings do not sense the sensationing of their being-sensation since the sensation being of the rose is aroused by the smell of its scent as the sensation being of the paint is aroused by the smell of its pigment as the sensation being of the thunder is aroused by the sound of its crack as the sensation being of the base drum is aroused by the sound of its thud as the sensation being of the timpani is aroused by the sound of its thwack so such smells and sounds of sensation being attune and attain and attach to our sensation being becoming being sensation obliterating objects
Object-oriented ontology is an intellectual insanity instigated by delusional megalomaniacs of white middleclass males who objectify the world and objectify the universe as a world only of objects as a universe only of objects and so these deranged object-oriented ontologists argue in being able to attain an absolute-knowledge of all-objects including all those amorphous-nebulous-opaque objects that are allegedly closed-concealed yet still classified-ordained as objects for all things and all beings are ordained and ordered as objects thus this illusional and delusional object-obsession of object-oriented ontology actually originates as an anally-retentive object-fixation being the pyscopathology of object-fetishism which is in fact an object-fascism
Object-oriented ontology is an obnoxious oxymoron for there are no ontological-objects for there are no objects anyway so we must object to object-oriented ontology which is an objectification and reification of being and beings in the world and out the world for there are no objects both in the world and out the world just as there are no things in the world and out the world yet is human-lack in the lack in understanding in the lack of understanding the world as a whole that makes man objectify being making being into a thinging in to an object forgetting that an amethyst has being as air has being as water has being as a human has being but the radical difference of beings makes men divide beings into a taxonomic classification of catalogued objects
March 28, 2013 at 11:01 am
If there are no objects or things, how are you able to refer to object-oriented ontologists? Aren’t you engaged in an illicit reification forbidden by you’re own orientation? Moreover, object-oriented ontologists don’t claim to have absolute knowledge of objects, but claim objects are unknowable. Finally, insofar as you refer to commodity fetishism, certainly you must be aware that Marx claims that objects are alienated in commodities as much as humans. Of course, for you we can’t refer to humans as no humans exist!
May 24, 2013 at 4:51 am
Reblogged this on clementsgeoff and commented:
Ah interesting discussion of ‘entropy’ and it’s ramifications.
September 26, 2013 at 4:24 am
What about crystals? eg, http://www.ihes.fr/~gromov/PDF/structre-serch-entropy-july5-2012.pdf
September 26, 2013 at 2:58 pm
Isomorphismes,
You’d have to elaborate on your question for me to respond. Entropy doesn’t entail that there isn’t pattern and structure that exists in the universe, only that it requires work or energy to emerge and that none of it is eternal.
September 30, 2013 at 6:22 am
I don’t want to elaborate too much because I’m still digesting the paper. But one thing I’m maybe taking away from it is that the equivalence-classes of Boltzmann style thermo are a theoretical assumption which works for a certain class of physical phenomena but not for others. If entropy is a tool of rational argument rather than a bare fact of the universe then it can’t be used to support your contention that things aren’t all related. For instance society could be more like a crystal or colloid than like a gas: not entropic or not equivalence-classed by a universal symmetry relation.
Regarding
I think this would follow from what you assumed if you s/power/relations/. But if all relations are power relations then you have to state that assumption separately.
By the way, it’s totally great that you are relating these topics together. I don’t mean to be totally picking on you, just engaging with a thesis that’s interesting enough to be worth engaging.
I don’t know if you are aware of the categorial overtones in your set-theory paragraph, but that was definitely how I read it!
If I were to take what you wrote here in my own preferred direction I would do something like the following: remove the reference to caloric sustenance in thermopolitics and instead keep the focus on the natural dissipation of political willpower.
But furthermore since you’re already taking things in a quantitative direction, I would posit a “spectrum” of relatedness (ill-defined for now). This makes use of the entropic concept you brought up without taking the position that everything is not related to everything else. Instead, at some very low threshold everything is related to everything else–but the quantified causal-ness of X’s relationship with Y may be very small — think about for example a huge PGM where, yes, I can tweak a node X very far away from Y but even a large change in X will have a small change in Y. But that isn’t to say it’s nil; it’s just buffered by a lot of flexible goo between X and Y. (Rigid rods held together by rubber bands could be another analogy.)
To me it’s much more realistic, and you’re already suggesting that interrelations and interdependence is sometimes important and sometimes not.
January 22, 2014 at 2:03 pm
Reblogged this on IT'S YOUR LIFE and commented:
An alternative viewpoint to Holism is Individualism and this article on entropy shows that we are after all, individuals subject to chaotic relationships to other individuals and therefore painting us with a holistic brush negates our individualism and our ability to choose our relationships with things. Some great food for thought when it comes to the subject of globalization, ecology and economy and the ideas such as a New World Order or Occupy or Transhumanism….